摘要
木质素是自然界中含量第二丰富的天然高分子聚合物,也是芳香族化合物中少有的可再生资源之一,作为制浆造纸行业的主要副产物,工业木质素价廉易得。鉴于木质素自身的三维网状结构及丰富的醇羟基、酚羟基、双键等活性官能团,其具备了抗菌、抗炎、吸附等诸多优势,是制备水凝胶的理想选材。但遗憾的是由于木质素结构复杂、空间阻力大、反应活性不足,其提纯处理较为困难、高值化和产业化利用水平较低。利用木质素及其衍生物制备水凝胶既拓宽了其应用范围,又能较好解决现阶段合成高分子水凝胶存在的生物相容性差等问题。基于此,本文从木质素的结构和性质出发、归纳了木质素基水凝胶材料的主要制备方法及优缺点,总结了其在生物医学、污水处理、农业、电子器件等方面的应用现状,并进一步提出了木质素基水凝胶材料现阶段研究中存在的局限性和今后可能的研究前景。
水凝胶是一种亲水性的三维网络结构聚合物,具有良好的溶胀性、黏性和机械强度,因此在农业节水、环境保护、生物医学等诸多领域具有广泛的应用前
在天然高分子材料中,木质素是自然界储存量最多的可再生多酚类化合物。由于木质素结构复杂、空间阻力大、反应活性不足,长期以来被认为是制浆造纸工业中的废弃物,每年仅有约2%的木质素被用作优质化能源,其产业化和高值化利用处于较低水
木质素是仅次于纤维素的第二大天然聚合物,占植物细胞壁的20%~30%,其主要由3种苯丙烷单元构成,即愈创木基丙烷、紫丁香基丙烷、对-羟基苯基丙烷。各个结构单元之间主要连接方式有碳碳键、α-芳基醚键、α-烷基醚键、β-芳基醚键、二芳基醚
根据不同的交联方式,木质素基水凝胶材料的制备方法可分为物理交联法、化学交联法和结合多种方式的互穿网络结构
常见的用于合成木质素基水凝胶的物理交联法主要有两种。①氢键作用。Song
原料 | 交联方式 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|
木质素磺酸钠,海藻酸钠,魔芋粉 | 氢键作用 |
[ |
碱木质素,聚乙烯醇 | 氢键作用 |
[ |
羟乙基纤维素、聚乙烯醇、木质素 | 氢键作用 |
[ |
碱木质素、壳聚糖 | 静电相互作用 |
[ |
木质素、壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇 | 氢键作用,静电相互作用 |
[ |
与化学交联法相比,物理交联法制备木质素基水凝胶可以不使用交联剂,具有绿色环保经济的特点,有望广泛应用于生物医学领域。但物理交联法成胶时间普遍较长,且由于力的作用较弱,该类木质素基水凝胶结构稳定性较差、机械强度较低且热可逆,在强酸或强碱的条件下,结构易被破坏。在实际使用过程中往往需要引入其他成分,用以保证水凝胶的力学稳定性。
常用的化学交联法包括以下3种:①木质素直接交联法。主要的合成过程是木质素结构上的酚羟基和醇羟基分别与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)、聚乙二醇缩水甘油醚等交联剂发生环氧化反应和醚化反应,从而在木质素自身分子结构中形成交联。Li

图1 木质素基水凝胶的交联反
Fig. 1 Crosslinking reaction of lignin-based hydroge
与物理交联法相比,化学交联合成的木质素基水凝胶交联度普遍较高、机械强度普遍较高、结构稳定性较好,且成胶时间可大幅缩短。但该类水凝胶生物降解性较差,成胶方法较为复杂,部分交联剂具有毒性,制备完成后需去除残余交联剂。
近年来,有学者综合以上两种方法研究出新的制备方法:将木质素以互穿或半互穿的形式引入水凝胶中,于水性介质中制备由主网络和次网络交互穿插形成的木质素基水凝
与物理交联法和化学交联法相比,互穿或半互穿网络结构的木质素基水凝胶同时结合了物理和化学作用,且水凝胶中两种聚合物之间既相互独立又相互依赖,因此可维持稳定的结构,具有优异的机械性能。
木质素自身丰富的官能团结构赋予其抗菌、抗炎及吸附等特点;其良好的生物相容性、可修饰性益于其被进一步开发利用,以期为构建木质素基水凝胶材料的功能化和高值化应用提供途径和思路。结合木质素和其他材料的优点,木质素基水凝胶在污水处理、生物医学、农业、人工智能诸多领域具有潜在应用前景(见

图2 木质素基水凝胶的主要应用领域
Fig. 2 Main application fields of lignin-based hydrogels
水污染已经成为当今世界最严重的环境问题之一,全世界对于清洁水的需求与日俱增。在众多水污染问题中,重金属离子和有机染料污染问题最为突
有研究表明木质素基水凝胶材料对于溶液中的重金属离子吸附,主要依靠水凝胶自身的多孔结构及功能性基团(含氧、氮或含硫基团)与重金属离子之间的螯合、配位作用和静电相互作
此外,溶液的pH值直接影响材料的反应活性位点、表面电荷、吸附物的电离度等,是影响木质素基水凝胶吸附重金属离子性能的重要因素。对于大部分重金属离子,木质素基水凝胶的吸附效果随着pH值的增大而增加,但在pH值接近中性或过高时,金属离子易生成氢氧化物沉淀,从而降低吸附能
与重金属吸附类似,溶液的pH值及木质素自身所带官能团也会影响木质素基水凝胶对有机染料的吸附效

图3 木质素基水凝胶对有机染料的吸附过
Fig. 3 Adsorption of organic dyes by lignin-based hydroge
基于功能性基团与有机染料之间的氢键、静电相互作用以及π-π堆积,在吸附剂中引入活性官能团氨基、磺酸基等可大幅提高木质素基水凝胶吸附有机染料的能
木质素作为自然界中含量第二丰富的天然高分子材料,具有良好的生物相容性,其毒副作用小、生物利用度高、性质稳定,并具有一定的抗菌、抗炎性能,作为生物医用材料具有良好的应用前景。然而,由于木质素自身结构的复杂性、提取工艺的不完善,限制了木质素在生物医学领域的应用。随着提取、纯化、分析技术的不断完善,以木质素及其衍生物为原料制备水凝胶有望广泛应用于药物载体、创伤敷料、组织工程支架等领
鉴于水凝胶的高含水量以及自身三维网络结构,可应用于药物载体的构建。以木质素及其衍生物为基材制备水凝胶药物载体不仅可以满足生物安全性的要求,而且可以利用木质素自身丰富的官能团提供载药位点,并基于木质素的刚性结构提高水凝胶的力学性
人体皮肤受创后,受损组织会产生大量的代谢物,如组织液、蛋白质和死亡细胞,理想的皮肤伤口敷料应具有一定的抗菌性、抗氧化性以及清除自由基的能力,从而加快伤口的愈合。木质素的酚类结构以及丰富的官能团赋予了木质素优异的抗菌性和抗氧化性,同时,具有三维网络结构的水凝胶材料能有效清除创面代谢产物,因此木质素基水凝胶材料是作为创面敷料的理想选择。Zhang

图4 LS-CuS@PVA复合水凝胶的制备工艺示意
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the preparation process of the LS-CuS@PVA composite hydroge
由于水凝胶质地柔软、含水量高,与活体组织质感相似,是组织工程支架的理想选择。然而由于大部分水凝胶缺乏足够的机械强度和韧性,实际应用受到限制。近年来,人们致力于探索提高水凝胶力学性能的创新策略。考虑到木质素优异的机械性能,有学者研究了木质素基水凝胶作为组织工程支架的可行性。Chen
木质素比表面积大、质轻且自身存在大量活性官能团,可以提供载药位点用于农药缓释。同时,将氮、磷、钾肥料与木质素混合,利用物理吸附作用和范德华力固定营养元素并使其随木质素的降解缓慢释放,形成长效缓释肥料。此外,木质素可被土壤中的微生物降解变成腐殖质,而腐殖质对重金属离子具有吸附作用,因此木质素是良好的土壤改良
目前农药利用率低以及大量农药残留于环境等问题逐渐引起人们的关注。利用木质素基水凝胶缓释农药不仅可提高农药的利用率,而且可以减少环境污染,有良好的应用前
为了提高农业土壤水分利用效率、减少水分流失、恢复土壤质量,水凝胶被广泛应用于土壤改良和调控。然而传统水凝胶在土壤中难以降解,部分降解产物具有潜在的生物毒性,纯生物水凝胶力学性能差、易分解,在土壤中作用时间不够。考虑到木质素自身抗菌、可降解、强度高、产率高等特点,其被认为是土壤腐殖质的主要来源,是最有价值的土壤修复材料。因此木质素基水凝胶在土壤改良方面存在潜在价
结合柔韧性、导电性和适度的抗压能力,具有导电性能的水凝胶在可穿戴压力传感器、软机器人和可植入设备中显示出巨大的应用潜

图5 木质素基水凝胶电子器械示意
Fig. 5 Schematic for lignin-based hydrogel electronics: (a) multifunctional sensing hydrogel; (b) humidity sensing hydroge
木质素作为自然界中含量第二丰富的天然可再生资源,具有低成本、无毒、抗菌抗炎、可降解以及高机械强度等特点。制备水凝胶材料是实现木质素高值化应用的有效途径之一。近年来,以木质素及其衍生物为基础,通过简单的物理化学方法制备水凝胶材料已成为研究热点。
木质素基水凝胶材料的应用有望涉及生物医学、污水处理、农业、人工智能传感等多个领域。但其实际的研究和发展还存在以下几个主要问题:①木质素的不均一性和结构复杂性以及纯品木质素的难以获得导致大部分木质素基水凝胶材料处于研究阶段,未大规模生产使用。②由于高含量的木质素易造成水凝胶孔径坍塌且制备方法复杂,因此木质素在水凝胶中的含量普遍较低。③木质素基水凝胶应用于生物医学领域的免疫组化性能尤其是组织工程支架领域的研究并未被系统地探究。
因此,为进一步拓展木质素基水凝胶的应用领域,同时推动其产业化应用,可从以下几个方面深入开展研究:①深入研究不同木质素结构对水凝胶性质、结构和表面形态的影响。②不断提高提取、纯化、分析技术,得到不含有毒性成分且纯度高的木质素样品。③研发新的制备方法,优化合成工艺,以期利用简单的方法来制备高质量的木质素基水凝胶。④系统探究木质素基水凝胶的生物相容性,从而推动木质素基水凝胶的产业化应用进程。
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