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| Study on Preparation of All Lignin Derived Hard Carbon Electrode and Its Sodium Storage Performance |
| Received:December 04, 2022 Revised:January 14, 2023 |
| DOI：10.11981/j.issn.1000-6842.2024.02.104 |
| Key Words:lignin;hard carbon;degree of graphitization;plateau capacity;sodium-ion capacitor |
| Fund Project:国家自然科学基金（31770632）。 |
| Author Name | Affiliation | Postcode | | HUA Zifeng | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | LI Gengchen | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | WU Yao | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | LIN Changmei | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | HUANG Hai | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | MA Xiaojuan | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 | | CAO Shilin* | College of Materials Engineering， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian Province， 350002 | 350002 |
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| Abstract: |
| Sodium-ion capacitors have become a new generation of energy storage devices by combining the high energy density of battery-type anode and the high power density of capacitive cathode. Hard carbon materials as battery-type anodes are currently a research hotspot. In this study， lignin-derived hard carbon materials were prepared by lignin purification， pre-carbonization and high-temperature pyrolysis carbonization using black liquor from pulping process as raw material. The variation of graphite layer spacing and crystallite structure with carbonization temperature was analyzed. The electrochemical properties and sodium storage mechanism of lignin-derived hard carbon electrodes were studied. The results showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature from 800 ℃ to 1600 ℃， the graphite layer spacing of hard carbon materials decreased from 0.406 nm to 0.378 nm， and the proportion of pseudo-graphite area increased from 52.69% to 77.60%. Therefore， more Na+ is intercalated and deintercalated between the graphite layers during the charge and discharge process of the hard carbon electrode. The plateau capacity of the electrode increased from 56.8 mAh/g to 236.0 mAh/g and reversible capacity up to 333.7 mAh/g because of the significant increase in platform capacity. According to the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique （GITT） analysis， the storage mechanism of sodium ions in the lignin-derived hard carbon electrode conformed to the “Adsorption-Intercalation/Filling” hybrid model. |
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