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| Effect of Nanocellulose/Zinc Ions on the Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-based Composite Conductive Hydrogels |
| Received:March 22, 2026 Revised:May 25, 2026 |
| DOI：10.11981/j.issn.1000-6842.2026.03.167 |
| Key Words:nanocellulose;conductive hydrogel;anti-freezing and moisture-retaining;mechanical property;flexible strain sensor |
| Fund Project:黑龙江省自然科学基金优秀青年项目YQ2023C025大学生创新创业训练项目S202510225395黑龙江省自然科学基金优秀青年项目（YQ2023C025）；大学生创新创业训练项目（S202510225395）。 |
| Author Name | Affiliation | Postcode | | Wang Yukang* | College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin， Heilongjiang Province， 150040 | 150040 | | Li Kangjie | College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin， Heilongjiang Province， 150040 | 150040 | | Li Tong | College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin， Heilongjiang Province， 150040 | 150040 | | Wang Quanliang* | College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin， Heilongjiang Province， 150040 | 150040 |
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| Abstract: |
| In this study， poly(vinyl alcohol) （PVA） was used as the matrix， and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiberils （TOCNF）， gelatin （GEL）， ethylene glycol （EG）， and zinc sulfate were introduced to fabricate an anti-freezing， moisture-retaining， and conductive Zn²⁺ cross-linked TOCNF/PVA composite hydrogel via a cyclic freeze-thaw method. The effects of composition and processing conditions on the structure and properties of the hydrogel were investigated， and a strain sensor was further assembled to evaluate practical application of it at low temperatures.The results showed that TOCNF promoted the formation of PVA microcrystalline domains through hydrogen bonding and exerted a nano-reinforcing effect， while Zn²⁺ formed a uniform and dense porous network and ion transport channels of Zn2+ cross-linked TOCNF/PVA composite hydrogel via coordination crosslinking and salting-out， significantly enhancing the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of it. When the PVA content was 15%， the TOCNF mass fraction was 4%， the P15C4GEZ1 hydrogel immersed in 1 mol/L ZnSO₄ solution for 8 h exhibited the best overall performance， with a tensile strength of 2.14 MPa and an ionic conductivity of 2.27 S/m. These values were approximately 95% （1.10 MPa） and 82% （1.25 S/m） higher than those of the TOCNF-free hydrogel， and 345% higher than that of the hydrogel immersed in 0.0625 mol/L ZnSO₄ solution （0.51 S/m）. Moreover， the ionic conductivity remained as high as 2.12 S/m at -20 °C， indicating excellent anti-freezing property， water retention， and thermal stability.The strain sensor based on this hydrogel exhibited stable responses over a wide strain range， with a gauge factor of 2.21. No obvious signal distortion was observed after 1 000 s of cyclic stretching. It enabled accurate monitoring of multi-joint human motions. |
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